Liquid crystal cell and method of manufacture

ABSTRACT

A liquid crystal cell having a first substrate with a rubbed layer provided thereon, a second substrate with a photo-aligned layer provided thereon, and a liquid crystal material provided between the substrates.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/432,572, filed Nov.12, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,111, which is a continuation ofapplication Ser. No. 08/777,126, filed Dec. 30, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No.6,091,471, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to a liquid crystal cell, moreparticularly to a liquid crystal cell which is including one substratecoated with rubbed alignment layer and the other substrate coated withphoto-aligned alignment layer, and the method for fabricating that.

Generally, the liquid crystal cell is comprising of two substrates andliquid crystal formed between these substrates, the liquid crystalcomprising anisotropic molecules. To provide an orderly alignment ofliquid crystal in the cell for the uniform brightness and the highcontrast ratio of the liquid crystal cell, conventionally rubbing iscarried out on alignment layers coating substrate. The rubbing ismechanical friction on the alignment layer so as to provide a pretilt ofliquid crystal molecules defined by a pretilt angle and a pretilt angledirection. The pretilt angle refers a polar angle and the pretilt angledirection refers an azimuthal angle between the surface of alignmentlayer and the pretilt.

The pretilt of a liquid crystal molecule adjacent a first alignmentlayer is called a first pretilt of a first alignment layer, and thepretilt of a liquid crystal molecule adjacent a second alignment layeris called a second pretilt of a second alignment layer. Thereby, thepretilt of a liquid crystal molecule in the midle of two layers isdetermed by the interaction between pretilts of the first and secondalignment layer.

The liquid crystal cell is classified as a vertical aligned liquidcrystal cell or a horizontal aligned liquid crystal cell depending onthe pretilt angle. The vertical aligned liquid crystal cell typicallydefines a liquid crystal cell having a pretilt angle of an alignmentlayer larger than 60°, the horizontal aligned liquid crystal celltypically refers a liquid-crystal cell having a pretilt angle of analignment layer less than 5°.

There are several modes of liquid crystal cell according torelationships between a first pretilt angle direction of a firstalignment layer and a second pretilt angle direction of a secondalignment layer facing the first substrate. If the first pretilt angledirection is perpendicular to the second alignment direction, it iscalled a twisted nematic (TN) mode liquid crystal cell. If they areparallel with each other, the liquid crystal cell is called anelectrically controlled birefringence (ECB) mode liquid crystal cell anda bend mode liquid crystal cell. In addition, it is called a In-PlaneSwitching (IPS) mode liquid crystal cell if a pretilt angle direction isshift depending on the voltage.

A conventionally used liquid crystal display is mainly a twisted nematicliquid crystal display (TNLCD), in which the transmittance is dependentaccording to the viewing angle at each gray level. Especially, while thetransmittance is symmetrical in the horizontal direction, thetransmittance is asymmetrical in the vertical direction. Therefore, inthe vertical direction, the range with inverted image phenomenon isoccurred so that the vertical viewing angle becomes very limited.

To overcome said problems, a multi-domain TNLC cell such as a two-domainliquid crystal cell, and a four-domain liquid crystal cell isintroduced. The multi-domain liquid crystal cell has a wider viewingangle by providing more than domains in each pixel, domains havingdifferent pretilts each other, so as to compensate the viewing angledependence of each domain.

The most popular process to obtain said multi-domain liquid crystal cellis mechanical rubbing process, as shown in FIG. 1. Rubbing is performedmechanically on entire substrate 1 coated with alignment layer 8 such aspolyimide, so that microgrooves are formed on the surface of thealignment layer 8, as shown in FIG. 1 a, and FIG. 1 b. To divide twodomains in a pixel, in FIG. 1 c and FIG. 1 d, a photoresist 11 is coatedentire alignment layer 8 surface, and the photoresist 11 of one domainis removed by exposing light, reverse rubbing process is carried out onone domain as shown in FIG. 1 e. The remained photoresist is removed byexposing light, then, two domains are provided on the substrate 1 asshown in FIG. 1 f. In the two-domain liquid crystal cell obtainedthereby, the inversion of viewing angle is compensated by aforementionedprocess.

However, the rubbing process causes a dust particle and/or anelectrostatic discharge, so the yield is reduced and/or the substrate isdamaged. The manufacturing process becomes too complicated to applyindustry, because the process includes a photolithography which iscoating photoresist layer and removing a part of the layer by exposinglight, for dividing domains.

Therefore, it is a photo-alignment method that is introduced to simplifyalignment process as well as to prevent the damage of substrate. Thephoto-alignment is the process in which a pretilt angle direction ofalignment layer is given by the irradiation of linearly polarizedultraviolet light. The alignment layer used in the photo-alignmentmethod is mainly including PVCN (polyvinyl cinnamate). When ultravioletlight is irradiated into the photo-aligned layer coating the substrate,it causes cyclo-addition between the cinnamoyl groups of cinnamic acidside chains that belong to different photopolymers. Thereby, thedirection of the photopolymer configuration i.e., the pretilt ofalignment layer is aligned uniformly.

One example of the photo-alignment method is disclosured as a followingprocess. The photo-alignment method is comprising double exposure oflinearly polarized ultraviolet light into a substrate coated with PVCNto determine a pretilt, the pretilt including an alignment direction, apretilt angle direction and pretilt angle. First linearly polarizedultraviolet light is perpendicularly irradiated into the alignment layercoating substrate so as to determine a plurality of pretilt angledirection. Then, second linearly polarized light is obliquely irradiatedinto the alignment layer again, to determine a pretilt angle and apretilt angle direction. The pretilt angle and pretilt angle directionare obtained by controlling the second oblique direction relative to thesubstrate coated with the alignment layer.

However, the photo-alignment method has problems that the process iscomplicated due to the double exposure and the pretilt angle is toosmall, for example, the obtained pretilt angles being approximately0.15°, 0.26° and 0.30° respectively when the oblique irradiation anglesare 30°, 45° and 60°. In addition, it takes long time to irradiate lightinto the alignment layer so total tact time is prolonged, as well, thealignment stability of photo-alignment method is weaker than that ofrubbing method.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal cellhaving an alignment stability and a wider viewing angle simply by theprocess and the fabrication method thereof.

To achieve the object mentioned above, the method for fabricating theliquid crystal cell of the present invention is comprising the followingsteps of: providing a first alignment layer on a first substrate;rubbing said first alignment layer such that said first alignment layerhas a first pretilt angle associated therewith; providing a secondalignment layer on a second substrate; exposing said second alignmentlayer to light such that said second alignment layer has at least onesecond pretilt angle associated therewith; and providing a liquidcrystal material between said first and second substrates.

The first alignment layer is comprising polyimide, but the secondalignment layer is comprising photopolymers, the photo-polymersincluding polysiloxane based materials. The pretilt angle of thisinvention is controlled depending upon the photo-energy of theultraviolet light irradiating.

To determined the second pretilt, this invention includes doubleirradiation of this invention. The double irradiation is comprisingsteps of: irradiating polarized light in the perpendicular direction tothe second alignment layer and irradiating unpolarized light in theoblique direction to the second alignment layer. In this steps, thelatter step can be prior to the former.

Another method for determining the second pretilt in this invention isusing flowing effect. The method is comprising the steps of: irradiatingpolarized light in the perpendicular direction to the second substrateso as to determine a second pretilt angle and two pretilt angledirection; and injecting liquid crystal materials between said firstsubstrate and said second substrate in the perpendicular direction tothe polarized direction of the light so as to select a pretilt angle anda second pretilt angle direction.

These and other objects and advantages of the present invention willbecome clear from the following description of preferred embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1( a) and (f) show steps in a conventional reverse-rubbingprocess.

FIG. 2 is showing a cross-sectional view of liquid crystal cellaccording to this invention.

FIG. 3 is showing a photo-irradiation device used for photo-alignmentprocess.

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the photo-energyof ultraviolet light and the pretilt angle of the photo-aligned layerformed with polysiloxane based materials.

FIGS. 5( a) and (f) show steps in a process for fabricating liquidcrystal cell according to this invention.

FIGS. 6( a) and (f) show steps in a process for fabricating liquidcrystal cell according to this invention.

FIGS. 7( a)–(d) show cross-sectional views of TN mode liquid crystalcells according to this invention.

FIGS. 8( a)–(d) show cross-sectional views of ECB mode liquid crystalcells according to this invention.

FIGS. 9( a)–(d) show cross-sectional views of bend mode liquid crystalcells according to this invention.

FIGS. 10( a)–(b) show cross-sectional views of a IPS mode liquid crystalcell according to this invention.

FIGS. 11( a)–(g) show steps in a process for fabricating a multi-domainliquid crystal cell according to this invention.

FIGS. 12( a)–(g) show steps in a process for fabricating a multi-domainliquid crystal cell according to this invention.

FIGS. 13( a)–(f) show steps in a process for fabricating a multi-domainliquid crystal cell according to this invention.

FIGS. 14( a)–(j) show steps in a process for fabricating a multi-domainliquid crystal cell according to this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

FIG. 2 is a drawing showing the liquid crystal cell, and 1 and 2indicate a first substrate and a second substrate of the liquid crystalcell, respectively. The first substrate 1 is coated with the firstalignment layer 8 formed with polyimide and is rubbed so as to determinea first pretilt defined a first pretilt angle and a first pretilt angledirection. The second substrate 2 is coated with the second alignmentlayer 9. The material for the second alignment layer 9 includesphoto-polymers such as polysiloxane based materials. Polysiloxanecinnamate, one of the polysiloxane based materials have followingstructural formulas:

Polysiloxane Cinnamate I:

Z can be selected from the group consisting of OH, CH₃ or from mixturesthereof,

-   m=10–100,-   l=1–11,-   L=0 or 1,-   K=0 or 1,-   X, X₁, X₂, Y=H, F, Cl, CN, CF₃, C_(n)H_(2n+1) or OC_(n)H_(2n+1)    wherein n can be from 1 to 10, or from mixtures thereof;    Polysiloxane Cinnamate II:

Z can be selected from the group consisting of OH, CH₃ or from mixturesthereof,

-   m=10–100,-   l=1–11,-   L=0 or 1,-   K=0 or 1,-   X, X₁, X₂, Y=H, F, Cl, CN, CF₃, C_(n)H_(2n+1) or OC_(n)H_(2n+1)    wherein n can be from 1 to 10, or from mixtures thereof.

Then, the second substrate 2 coated with a second alignment layer 9 isexposed ultraviolet light by a photo-irradiation device in FIG. 3. Thedevice includes the lamp 3 generating ultraviolet light, a lens 4 and apolarizer 5 linearly polarizing the ultraviolet light from lamp 3. Toirradiate ultraviolet light into the alignment layer 9 of the substrate2, the ultraviolet light generated from the lamp 3 is passed the lens 4and linearly polarized through polarizer 5, then the ultraviolet lightis irradiated into the alignment layer 9 coating substrate 2. The lamp 3is the Mercury(Hg) lamp having the wave length of 365 nm.

In that time, the pretilt angle formed on the alignment layer 9 can becontrolled by photo-energy. When ultraviolet light is perpendicularlyirradiated into the substrate 2 coated with alignment layer 9 ofpolysiloxane based materials, the pretilt angle of the alignment layer 9surface is controlled in a broad range according to the photo-energy ofthe ultraviolet light, as shown in FIG. 4. Referring to this figure, thepretilt angle can be controlled depending the photo-energy irradiatedinto the alignment layer 9 (the wavelength of ultraviolet light is 350nm). The pretilt angle is exponentially get down according to thephoto-energy of ultraviolet light to at almost 0° at 6,000 mJ/cm.

The vertical aligned liquid crystal cell can be fabricated by adoptingphoto-energy less than 2,000 mJ/cm², and the horizontal aligned liquidcrystal cell can be fabricated by adopting photo-enemy more than 5000mJ/cm²

FIG. 5 is showing one embodiment of a process for fabricating a liquidcrystal cell which comprises a first substrate, a second substrate and aliquid crystal layer injected therebetween. The first substrate 1 coatedwith a first alignment layer 8 is mechanically rubbed to determine apretilt, the pretilt meaning a pretilt angle and a pretilt angledirection, as shown in FIG. 5 a and FIG. 5 b.

The polarized light is irradiated in the perpendicular direction ontothe second substrate 2 coated with a second alignment layer 9 so as todetermine a second pretilt angle and two pretilt angle direction facingeach other as shown in FIG. 5 c and FIG. 5 d. To select one pretiltangle direction, nonpolarized light is irradiated in the obliquedirection onto the alignment layer 9 on the substrate 2 so as todetermine a second pretilt oriented with one pretilt angle direction. InFIG. 5 f, attaching the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2,liquid crystal materials are injected between two substrates 1,2 so asto align uniformly by the stable anchoring provided by the firstpretilt.

In addition, it is also possible that the oblique-irradiation can becarried out prior to the perpendicular irradiation in this embodiment.

FIG. 6 is showing another embodiment of a process for fabricating aliquid crystal cell which comprises a first substrate, a secondsubstrate and a liquid crystal layer injected therebetween. The firstsubstrate 1 is coated with a first alignment layer 8 is mechanicallyrubbed to determine a pretilt, the pretilt meaning a pretilt angle and apretilt angle direction, as shown in FIG. 6 a and FIG. 6 b.

The polarized light is irradiated in the perpendicular direction intothe second substrate 2 coated with a second alignment layer 9 so as todetermine a second pretilt angle and two pretilt angle direction facingeach other as shown in FIG. 6 c and FIG. 6 d. To select one pretiltangle direction, this embodiment adopts the flowing effect of liquidcrystal materials in which the pretilt angle direction is determinedaccording to the flowing direction of liquid crystal material flown asshown in FIG. 6 e, FIG. 6 f. Attaching the first substrate 1 havinguni-pretilt determined alignment layer 8 by rubbing and second substrate2 having two pretilts oriented with two pretilt angle directionsdetermined a photo-aligned layer 9, then liquid crystal materials areinjected between two substrates. By the flowing effect of liquid crystalmaterials, the liquid crystal materials adjacent the second alignmentlayer 9 is aligned uni-second pretilt angle direction by a singleexposure.

There are several modes of liquid crystal cell depending on theconfiguration between the first pretilt angle direction and the secondpretilt angle direction determined by either abovementioned process.

FIG. 7 is reffering a TN mode liquid crystal cell. FIG. 7 a and FIG. 7 bare showing a vertical aligned liquid crystal cell controlling dependingupon the voltage. FIG. 7 c and FIG. 7 d are showing a horizontal alignedliquid crystal cell.

FIG. 8 is reffering a ECB mode liquid crystal cell. FIG. 8 a and FIG. 8b are showing a vertical aligned liquid crystal cell controllingdepending upon the voltage. FIG. 8 c and FIG. 8 d are showing ahorizontal aligned liquid crystal cell.

FIG. 9 is reffering a bend mode liquid crystal cell. FIG. 9 a and FIG. 9b are showing a vertical aligned liquid crystal cell controllingdepending upon the voltage. FIG. 9 c and FIG. 9 d are showing ahorizontal aligned liquid crystal cell.

FIG. 10 is reffering a IPS mode liquid crystal cell in which the liquidcrystal molecules are shift in plane dependind on the voltage.

This invention can be applied in a multi-domain liquid crystal cell toprovide wider viewing angle. Some embodiments of process formanufacturing the multi-domain liquid crystal cell are in FIG. 11, FIG.12, FIG. 13 and FIG. 14.

FIG. 11 is showing one embodiment of this invention to provide amulti-domain liquid crystal cell in which the first alignment layer 8 isprovided a first pretilt by mechanically rubbing, and the secondalignment layer 9 is provided two pretilts in two domains by using thelight.

FIG. 11 a and FIG. 11 b is showing the rubbing process to provide afirst pretilt on the alignment layer 8 with low pretilt angle, almost0°. FIG. 11 c–FIG. 11 f are showing the process for forming two secondpretilts on two domains of the second alignment layer 9 with a highphoto-energy to provide low pretilt angle less than 5°. The polarizedlight is irradiated in the perpendicular direction onto the secondalignment layer 9 so as to determined a second pretilt angle and twopretilt angle direction, as shown in FIG. 11 d. To select a firstpretilt angle direction for a first domain I, the nonpolarized light isirradiated in the first oblique direction to the second substrate 2 inwhich a second domain II is covered with the mask 10. Thereby, the 2-1thpretilt is formed on a first domain I, the 2-1th pretilt defined asecond pretilt angle and a first pretilt angle direction, as shown inFIG. 11 e.

To select a 2-2th pretilt angle direction for a second domain II, themask 10 covering the second domain II is moved to the first domain I.The nonpolarized light is irradiated in the second oblique direction tothe second substrate 2 in which a first domain I is covered with themask 10. Thereby, the 2-2th pretilt is formed on a second domain II, asshown in FIG. 11 f, the 2-2th pretilt meaning a second pretilt angle anda second pretilt angle direction.

Assembling the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, liquidcrystal materials are injected between two substrates 1,2. The moleculesof liquid crystal materials are arranged in the different directionbetween domains as shown in FIG. 11 g depending the second pretilts.

Thereby, the viewing angle is compensated by differently aligning theliquid crystal molecules according to domains so as to get a widerviewing angle liquid crystal cell.

In this embodiment, the two-domain liquid crystal cell is possible toobtain multi-domain liquid crystal cell without photolithograpy. Inaddition, the alignment stability is provided by the first pretilt.

FIG. 12 is showing another embodiment of this invention to provide avertical aligned mode multi-domain liquid crystal cell in which thefirst alignment layer 8 is provided a first pretilt by mechanicallyrubbing, and the second alignment layer 9 is provided two pretilts intwo domains by using the light.

FIG. 12 a and FIG. 12 b is showing the rubbing process to provide afirst pretilt on the alignment layer 8 with high pretilt angle largerthan 60°. FIG. 12 c–FIG. 12 f are showing the process for forming twosecond pretilts on two domains of the second alignment layer 9 with alow photo-energy to provide high pretilt angle less than 60°. Thepolarized light is irradiated in the perpendicular direction onto thesecond alignment layer 9 so as to determined a second pretilt angle andtwo pretilt angle direction, as shown in FIG. 12 d. To select a firstpretilt angle direction for a first domain I, the nonpolarized light isirradiated in the first oblique direction to the second substrate 2 inwhich a second domain II is covered with the mask 10. Thereby, the 2-1thpretilt is formed on a first domain I, the 2-1th pretilt defined asecond pretilt angle and a first pretilt angle direction, as shown inFIG. 12 e.

To select a 2-2th pretilt angle direction for a second domain II, themask 10 covering the second domain II is moved to the first domain I.The nonpolarized light is irradiated in the second oblique direction tothe second substrate 2 in which a first domain I is covered with themask 10. Thereby, the 2-2th pretilt is formed on a second domain II, asshown in FIG. 12 f, the 2-2th pretilt meaning a second pretilt angle anda second pretilt angle direction.

Assembling the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, liquidcrystal materials are injected between two substrates 1,2. The moleculesof liquid crystal materials are arranged in the different directionbetween domains as shown in FIG. 12 g depending the second pretilts.This vertical aligned liquid crystal cell has a bend mode in the firstdomain I and a ECB mode in the second domain II.

Thereby, the viewing angle is compensated by differently aligning theliquid crystal molecules according to domains so as to get a widerviewing angle liquid crystal cell.

In this embodiment, the two-domain liquid crystal cell is accomplishedby low photo-energy so it is possible to obtain multi-domain liquidcrystal cell without photolithograpy. In addition, the alignmentstability is provided by the first pretilt.

FIG. 13 is showing another embodiment of process for multi-domain liquidcrystal cell.

FIG. 13 a and FIG. 13 b is showing the rubbing process to provide a1-1th pretilt and 1-2th pretilt on a first domain I and a second domainII of the first substrate 1 with different pretilt angle, such as 1-1thpretilt angle is larger than 1-2th pretilt angle. The alignment layerfor dividing domain is shown in FIG. 13 a, an organic alignment layer 8Ais covered with an inorganic alignment layer 8B on the first substrate1. In the organic alignment layer 8A, pretilt angle is formed largerthan in the inorganic alignment layer 8B. Thus, the 1-1th pretilt isdefined a low 1-1th pretilt angle and a first pretilt angle direction,and the 1-2th pretilt is define a high 1-2th pretilt angle a firstpretilt angle direction.

FIG. 13 c–FIG. 13 d are showing the process for two domained the secondsubstrate 2 with dividing two pretilts by differing two pretilt angles.The substrate 2 coated with a second alignment layer 9 is covered with amask 10 comprising of a transparent part for a first domain I and asemi-transparent part for a second domain II. The polarized light isirradiated in the perpendicular direction onto the second substrate soas to determined a high 2-1th pretilt angle, a second alignmentdirection and two second pretilt angle directions on a first domain I,and a low 2-2th pretilt angle and two second pretilt angle directions ona second domain II. To select a second pretilt angle direction for afirst domain I and a second domain II, the nonpolarized light isirradiated in the oblique direction to the second substrate 2. Thereby,the 2-1th pretilt and 2-2th pretilt are formed on a first domain I and asecond domain II, respectively, the 2-1th pretilt meaning a high 2-1pretilt angle and a second pretilt angle direction, and the 2-1thpretilt meaning a low 2-2 pretilt angle and a second pretilt angledirection, as shown in FIG. 13 e.

Assembling the first substrate 1 and the second substrate 2, liquidcrystal materials are injected between two substrates 1,2. The moleculesof liquid crystal materials are aligned in the different directionbetween domains as shown in FIG. 13 f depending the pretilt angles.

Thereby, the viewing angle is compensated by differently aligning theliquid crystal molecules according to domains so as to get a widerviewing angle liquid crystal cell.

In this embodiment, the two-domain liquid crystal cell is possible toobtain multi-domain liquid crystal cell without photolithograpy. Inaddition, the alignment stability is provided by the rubbed firstalignment.

FIG. 14 is showing a process for fabricating four-domain liquid crystalcell. A two-domain first substrate 1 is prepared by the reverse rubbing,as shown in FIG. 14 a, FIG. 14 b and FIG. 14 c. The Four-domain secondsubstrate 2 is prepared by changing the photo-irradiating direction, asshown in FIG. 14 d–FIG. 14 i.

Attaching two substrates 1,2, liquid crystal materials are injectedbetween two substrates 1,2. Thus, the viewing angle is compensated bydifferently aligning the liquid crystal molecules according to eachdomain, as shown in FIG. 14 g so as to get a wider viewing angle liquidcrystal cell.

This invention can be adopted to the various mode liquid crystal cellssuch as a TN mode, a ECB mode, a bend mode, and a IPS mode bycontrolling the alignment direction.

In this invention, it is possible to provide alignment stability byrubbed first alignment layer, and to increase the yield by aligningusing light instead of rubbing so as to eliminating damages caused byrubbing process.

In addition, the multi-domain liquid crystal cell can be obtained bysimply process without a photolithograpy for reverse rubbing.

It is to be understood that the form of the present invention hereinshow and described is to be taken as a preferred example of the same andthat various application such as the change the photo-irradiation order,may be resorted to without departing from the spirit of the presentinvention or the scope of the subjoined claims.

1. A method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display, comprising thesteps of: providing a first alignment layer on a first substrate;rubbing said first alignment layer such that said first alignment layerhas a single pretilt angle associated therewith; providing a secondalignment layer on a second substrate; exposing said second alignmentlayer to unpolarized light in an oblique direction to form a pluralityof pretilt angles and a plurality of pretilt directions on said secondalignment layer, each pretilt angle being controlled by photo-energy;and providing a liquid crystal material between said first and secondsubstrates to form a liquid crystal cell.
 2. The method of manufacturinga liquid crystal display according to claim 1, further includingexposing said second alignment layer to polarized light in aperpendicular direction.
 3. The method of manufacturing a liquid crystaldisplay according to claim 1, wherein said first alignment layerincludes polyimide.
 4. The method of manufacturing a liquid crystaldisplay according to claim 1, wherein said second alignment layerincludes polysiloxane based materials.
 5. The method of manufacturing aliquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein the liquid crystalcell includes a TN mode liquid crystal cell.
 6. The method ofmanufacturing a liquid crystal display according to claim 1, wherein theliquid crystal cell includes an ECB mode liquid crystal cell.
 7. Themethod of manufacturing a liquid crystal display according to claim 1,wherein the liquid crystal cell includes a bend mode liquid crystalcell.
 8. The method of manufacturing a liquid crystal display accordingto claim 1, wherein the liquid crystal cell includes an IPS mode liquidcrystal cell.
 9. The method of manufacturing a liquid crystal displayaccording to claim 1, wherein only said second alignment layer isexposed to unpolarized light in an oblique direction.